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During the Age of Pericles, a significant theme that was promoted in Athens was the obligation of all citizens to participate in the political process. This period, which is often associated with the height of Athenian democracy, emphasized active civic engagement among male citizens. Pericles himself encouraged participation in democracy not only as a right but also as a duty, fostering a political culture where the input of citizens was deemed essential for the health of the state.

This civic engagement included involvement in assemblies and public discourse, highlighting the democratic ideals that Athens championed. The notion was that a well-functioning democracy relied on the participation of its inhabitants, reinforcing Athenian identity and pride in their political system. The thriving political life during this era was a civic duty, leading Athens to become a model of democratic governance in the ancient world.

Other themes, such as wealth accumulation, strict adherence to customs, and isolationism, did not capture the essence of this transformative time in Athenian history, as the emphasis was on collective participation and the vibrancy of civic life.